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1. WHERE DO LIGHT QUANTA GO? 

(or what is ‘Dark Matter’?)

2. The cause of acquisition of electric charge by an elementary particle.

 (Why does a charged elementary particle not have outer surface?)

                                                          Summary  (abstract) of the article)

                                          “ WHERE DO  LIGHT  QUANTA  GO?”      

                                                  ( or what is  ‘dark mater?’ ) 

      Where do light quanta go, what do they turn into, and what for are the energy  and mass of light quanta (photons) spent  for billions  of years  from a billion stars in billions of galaxies, if Earth receives  only a part per billion of solar radiation and  its weather  is fundamentally dependent on this radiation.

      This article clearly shows a mechanism of disappearance of  light quanta, i.e. luminous photons, namely by turning one kind of elementary particle into another and transition from one type of energy to another.

                      Autor – Ivan Rizov

WHERE DO LIGHT QUANTA GO?

(or what is ‘Dark Matter’?)

I.V. Rizov

Summary

Where do light quanta go, what do they turn into, and what for are the energy and mass of light quanta (photons) spent for billions of years from a billion stars in billions of galaxies, if Earth receives only a part per billion of solar radiation and its weather is fundamentally dependent on this radiation?

This article clearly shows a mechanism of disappearance of light quanta, i.e. luminous photons, namely by turning one kind of elementary particle into another and transition from one type of energy to another.

Article

The attenuation of the power of radio waves and luminosity of light quanta with moving away from their source of emission reveals the presence of the resistance to them in the space (ether).

Stars emit star quanta into surrounding space: light quanta moving spirally* and glowing (photons rotating around their body axis) and photons non-rotating or weakly rotating (invisible star quanta), i.e. photonic neutrinos which are ethereal neutrinos**, then generating the resistance to photons, i.e. light quanta moving in the ether at light speed and rotating. The fact that a photon rotates around its body axis is confirmed with the presence of the spin, i.e. rotation impulse momentum. According to our rough calculations***, a light quantum makes more than 10³⁰ rev/sec. around its body axis.

This proto-bricks of material world, most likely, in those ancient times (at ‘big bang’ of the Universe) generated photons by twisting them and stars, and then everything else. A light quantum (photon), when emitted by a light source, moves not completely straightforward but spirally*, because there is nothing absolute in the nature.

Then, total energy of a photon (light quantum) (m_fc²) at a particular point in time can be written as a sum of energies of three movement types: 

Е_f = E_с + E_wr + Е_sp = m_f C² / 2 + I_f ²_wr / 2 + I_sp ²_sp / 2 =                         

= m_f x C² / 2 + m_f x r_f² x _wr² / 8 + m_f х R_sp² х _sp² / 4,                 (1)

Where:

Е_c – kinetic energy of progressive motion of a photon (light quantum body);

Е_wr – kinetic energy of rotation of a photon (light quantum body) around its body axis; 

Е_sp – kinetic energy of spiral movement of a photon (light quantum body) around spiral axis, out of which you can see that this photon makes a wave motion;

m_f = m_e – body mass of a photon (light quantum body) equal to ethereal neutrino photon mass;

___________________

*- For more details, see the author’s monograph – “Rotation-and-neutrino theory of elementary particles…”, Chisinau, 2002.

** – For more details, see the author’s monograph – “Theory of vortexes of neutrino ether”, Chisinau, 2005.

*** – See the author’s monograph – “Unified theory of physical fields of neutrino ether”, Chisinau, 2006.

С – light speed;

I_f – momentum of rotational inertia of a photon (light quantum body) around its body axis;

I_sp – momentum of rotational inertia of a photon (light quantum body) around spiral movement axis;

_wr – angular rate of rotation of a photon (light quantum body) around its body axis at a particular point in time and space,

r_f = r_e – radius of photon body, radius of outer shell of light quantum body, equal to the radius of ethereal neutrino photon body;

R_sp – radius of spiral trajectory of a photon (light quantum body);

_sp – angular rate of rotation of a photon (light quantum body) spirally along progressive motion axis.

Hereinafter, by ‘photon’ (from Greek, ‘photos’ – light) we will mean a light quantum, by ‘photon body’ – light quantum body that is ethereal neutrino body simultaneously, and the latter, when bouncing off rotating elementary particles, including from rotating light quantum body, moves at superlight speed, creating the light and color* in ‘light quantum’ and electricity charge in other larger elementary particles.

By ‘light quantum’ we mean its body(body of a photon, ethereal neutrino) together with its vortex from an ether neutrino, generated by this body while rotating around its axis and emitted by a star or another light source. The same ether neutrino body coming from the cosmos (relict neutrino radiation) will be called cosmic (relict) neutrino, and the same body in interatomic space (like all bodies together) will be called ether neutrino, and when it does not matter – any name or neutrino ether.

Over time, due to impacts of an ethereal neutrino with light quantum body and vortex, light quantum body slows down its rotation around its axis, and that means that the size and mass of its vortex decrease and that a photon (light quantum) turns into a neutrino with a mass of around (according to our rough calculation and by an analogy with the mass of an electron and electron neutrino) 10⁶ times less than of a light quantum, so rotation speed of a photon decreases over time, and therefore the energy and mass of a light quantum decreases too.

The formula of complete energy of light quantum (by an analogy and on the basis of Formula 1) for the time of its existence and at a particular point in time will be as follows: 

Е_{f = mf x C}²_{/2 + mf x rf}²_{/8 x}²_{wr + mf/4 x(R}²_{sp х}²_{sp)  = |mf = me |   =                = | rf =  = re|} =  

= m_e x (C²/2 + re²/ 8 хwr² (from⁰_f to 0)  + Rsp² ((from R⁰sp to 0) х sp² (from⁰sp to 0) /4 ) = | or, if an ether neutrino rotates as well | =              = m_e x (C2 /2 + r²_e/ 8 х²f (from ⁰f to_e) + 1/4хR²sp (from R⁰sp to R_esp.) х²sp (from⁰sp to_esp)            (2)

_________________________

* – See the author’s monograph – “Rotation-and-neutrino theory of elementary particles…”

Where:  

– ⁰f, R⁰sp and⁰sp – parameters of photon body (light quantum body) at the moment of its emission from a light source;

– m_e – body mass of a light quantum and a photonic (ethereal) neutrino, into which a light quantum turns after losing its superlight vortex due to decreasing rate of the rotation around its body axis;

– W_f – angular velocity of body rotation of a photon around its body axis;

– r_e – radius of the sphere of light quantum body and photonic ethereal neutrino body;

– _e – possible angular velocity of rotation of an ethereal neutrino around its body axis; 

– R_e sp – possible radius of rotation of ether neutrino body spirally along motion direction axis; 

–_e sp – possible angular velocity of rotation of photon body (ether neutrino body) spirally along motion direction axis.

See obtaining of a superlight vortex for a photon (light quantum) using examples of its generation for other EPs* (elementary particles).

On average, each star of almost a billion stars in each galaxy, in billions of galaxies, emits photons about 10⁹ times more than Earth receives from the Sun (in total from entire Universe – 10³² times). Where does such a huge mass of the matter and energy, generated for billions of years of the existence of the Universe, go?

Out there, in neutrino ether, on the basis of Formula 2, photons slow down their rotation due to the friction on neutrino ether perhaps to zero or some level (value), at which no vortex with superlight movement of neutrinos bouncing off is generated, and turn themselves into cosmic neutrinos. Thus, neutrino ether is generated, and the energy of photons (star light quanta) is spent on the expansion of the Universe, i.e. on the increase of ethereal neutrino quantity.

Photon body turns into a neutrino having the same speed of progressive motion, as a light quantum – light speed, and the same body sphere radius but does not rotate or rotates not enough to generate a light vortex and therefore has no light vortex, so its mass and therefore energy are a million times smaller (by an assumed analogy with an electron and its neutrino) than of a photon (light quantum).

Therefore, if photon body rotates so fast that it generates a vortex of superlight motion of an ethereal neutrino bouncing off, we shall call it a light quantum or simply – a photon, as it glows, and if there is no superlight movement of a neutrino bouncing off in a vortex of a photon, i.e. this photon does not glow, we shall call it a photonic neutrino.

Thus, a light quantum is a vortex of the body of a photon, generated due to its rotation around its body axis, and an ethereal neutrino is the body of a photon with no vortex of neutrino (photonic) ether, as it does not rotate or rotates slightly.

_______________________________

* – See the author’s monograph – “Theory of vortexes of neutrino ether”, Chisinau, 2005 or the next article “The cause of acquisition of electrical charge by an elementary particle (Why does a charged elementary particle not have outer surface?)”

Thus, so-called vacuum is not nothing but a material media, in which, at light speed, the smallest elementary particles, photonic cosmic ethereal neutrinos, move all over the space, and therefore there is an energy, which is also called “dark matter” or “cosmic energy”, as it does not come out directly (through the light, electromagnetic waves, electrical charges, etc. ). It only comes out through the energy and mass of other elementary particles.

Conclusions

Understanding that there is no vacuum in the cosmos and even in intranuclear space but material neutrino ether, which is filled with photonic cosmic ethereal neutrinos, gives an opportunity to take a fresh look at all the processes that take place both in cosmic and intranuclear space, as well as at elementary particle physics and other physical processes: 

– Where electric charge of EPs comes from and why it has two types;

– Where the mass and gravitation of elementary particles, substances and bodies come from;

– How living cells and creatures come from non-living EPs and so on.

Author’s contact details:

Mobile phone:  +373-78659435,

E-mail: ivanrizov@rambler.ru

SUMMARY

In existing points of view on theoretical physics, the presence of electric charge (EC) is explained as an internal property of an elementary particle (EP), but it does not explain: how and where does it come from?

The present article reveals:

– When EPs may acquire EC; 

– Why EPs acquire electric charge;

– What electrical charge of EPs is; 

– Why the density of EP electric charge decreases with distance from EP center; 

– Why an EP kind of does not have an outer surface.

Whereat, all theoretical explanations not only do not contradict experimental data, but on the contrary are confirmed with them.

The cause of acquisition of electric charge by an elementary particle

(Why does a charged elementary particle not have outer surface?)

I.V.Rizov

In order to explain all the issues arising from the existence of electric charge of elementary particles, there are proposed two postulates, which stem from the nature of the Universe and not only do not contradict practices and physical experiments, but also are confirmed with them.

Postulates

1. In surrounding space (ether), including interatomic and intranuclear space, between elementary particles that make up atoms, molecules, substances and bodies, the smallest neutral (without strong electromagnetic properties) particles, absolutely solid and elastic bodies with spherical form, which we call photonic cosmic ethereal neutrinos or ether neutrinos (ethereal neutrinos),move chaotically in all directions at light speed.

A neutrino is photonic, because its body is the body of a photon (light quantum). A neutrino is called cosmic, because it is present in entire cosmos. A neutrino is ethereal, because it is distributed in any medium: liquid, solid, in the vacuum, in interatomic and intranuclear space.

2. Elementary particles, which make up atoms and substances having non-zero spin, rotate around their body axis at a huge speed and thereby create around themselves vortexes of streams of ethereal neutrinos falling on them.

1. Neutrino ether

For billions of years, billions of stars in galaxies billions emitted huge quantities of photons (light quanta), i.e. glowing smallest particles, which could not disappear, but just turned into neutrinos, i.e. invisible bodies continuing to move at light speed, but slowed down the rotation around their body axis due to the contact with neutrino ether.

We assume that body size of an ethereal neutrino is about a hundred times smaller than the size of a light quantum (photon), i.e. the size of a photon vortex*, and is equal to the size of the body of this light quantum, from which the light quantum comes, that, according to calculations, being trillions of times smaller than the size of an atomic nucleus.

That is why vast majority of neutrinos in atomic space travel through it without affecting its EPs. However, a certain part of neutrino stream, when falling on the body of a rotating EP, bounce off or are dropped out of its outer surface.

Thus, about a billion neutrinos will hit the body of an electron, proton and neutron and bounce off it.

The presence of the ether, moving photon bodies, is confirmed with the distribution of radio waves in cosmic space, and radio propagation speed indicates that movement speed of neutrinos in ethereal space is also equal to light speed.

____________________________

*- In our theory, a light quantum, like any other elementary particles, is a vortex created by the body of this elementary particle (in this case – a neutrino), rotating at a huge speed around its body axis.

2. Interaction between elementary particles and neutrino ether 

Bodies of elementary particles (electron, proton and neutron) are much larger than ethereal neutrinos (according to estimated data – many millions of times), that is why, when hitting the body of an elementary particle, a neutrino bounces off it as off a perfectly elastic body, without breaking this EP and without deforming it or itself, but only changes its movement direction and speed. Whereat, the law of the interaction of two perfectly elastic bodies is observed: incident angle (α) of an ethereal neutrino is equal to reflection angle (α), as in case of an impact of two perfectly elastic bodies.

а) α ≠ 0

EP (э.ч.) – elementary particle body;

ν_p= ν_c = ν_е – photonic cosmic ethereal neutrino, which we designate respectively, depending on a particular place in the space: in case of light emission – photonic, in the cosmos – cosmic, in intranuclear space – ethereal.

Elementary particles, when moving in ethereal substantial space at a high speed (v_ep ≈ 100.000-150.000 km/sec = 10⁸ m/sec) and rotating around their body axis at an estimated speed of more than 10¹⁸ rev/sec (2, p. 23), create around themselves disturbances and vortexes of laminar chaotic stream of ethereal neutrino particles, falling on them, and subsequent falling streams of ethereal neutrinos hit already disturbed streams of countercurrent bounced-off neutrino flow. Thus, a vortex of elementary particles is generated.

3. Acquisition of electric charge by an elementary particle

When rotating around their body axis and at a sufficient rotation speed, certain elementary particles acquire electric charge.

If an elementary particle rotates in one direction, it acquires electric charge with a particular sign, and if in another direction, the charge will be of a different sign.

a) Positron (e+) b) Electron (e-)

Thus, for example, an electron (e-) and a positron (e+) are the same elementary particle, the same material body, but rotating in the course of its movement in different directions, i.e. a positron is an electron moving backwards.

e+                                          e-

All of this will be clear when we consider: what electric charge is and how it is acquired.

a) What is electrical charge of an elementary particle, and how is it acquired?

According to our preliminary calculations (2, p. 20-21), a proton rotates around its body axis at the speed n ≥ 10¹⁵-10¹⁶ rev/sec, and an electron – at n ≥ 10¹⁷-10¹⁸rev/sec.

The drawing of a neutrino bouncing off elementary particle body will be as shown in Figure 1. 

Figure 1

V^C = V^е–movement velocity of a cosmic (с) and ethereal (е) neutrino;

α – incident angle of a neutrino on elementary particle body, equal to reflection angle; 

Where: V^c= V^e= C – incident and reflection angle of a cosmic ethereal neutrino, when hitting a non-rotating elementary particle, equal to light speed; 

V_circ.ep (V_{окр.э.ч.}) – circular velocity of outer surface of an elementary particle.

In fact, circular velocity of an ethereal neutrino V^е_circ.(V^е_окр.) will be less than circular velocity of the rotation of outer surface of elementary particle body (V_circ.ep), because, when hitting, some kind of sliding between these particles will occur, i.e. V^е_circ. will be less than V_circ.ep.

Then the drawing of bouncing-off of a neutrino will be as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

V^ecirc. (V^е_окр.) – circular velocity of rotation of a bounced-off neutrino, i.e. movement speed of a neutrino from an impulse generated by circular rotation of outer surface of an elementary particle;

_c = _e – body of a cosmic ethereal neutrino or parameters related to it; 

V^e_rez. – resultant speed of a cosmic ethereal neutrino, bouncing off outer surface of a rotating elementary particle;

Resultant speed of an ethereal neutrino, bouncing off elementary particle surface, will be higher than light speed and equal to: 

V^ecirc. (V^е_окр.) – circular velocity of movement of a cosmic ethereal neutrino from an impulse of rotation of an elementary particle around its axis;

C – light speed, velocity of movement of a cosmic ethereal neutrino in laminar stream (in ether).

Thus, we see that, if circular (linear) velocity of outer shell of elementary particle body reaches a certain value, at which elementary particle body is able to hit the body of a neutrino falling on it, then neutrino particles of the ether will be reflected, i.e. bounced off elementary particle body at superlight speed.

Whereat, an ethereal neutrino particle will twist in rotation direction of an elementary particle and move at superlight speed up to a certain distance, until an impact with a countercurrent outer ethereal neutrino (one or more, when an impact occurs at an angle) stops its superlight movement.

Whereat, around elementary particle body at a certain distance from its outer surface, it will emerge an extensional area of the movement of an ethereal neutrino at superlight speed, a neutrino vortex of superlight particles, i.e. it will emerge a coverage area of electric charge of an elementary particle.

Therefore, electrical charge of an elementary particle is an area of the movement of an ethereal neutrino at superlight speed in a vortex of an elementary particle, generated by the rotation around its body axis.

Electric charge energy is generated by the rotation of an elementary particle and therefore is equal to:

_Where:

_W^ep_{ec (W}^э.ч_{э.з.) = W}^ep_{rot. (W}^э.ч_{вр.) – electric charge energy, equal to kinetic energy of rotation of an elementary particle around its body axis;}

m_ep (m_э.ч.) – mass of an elementary particle;

r_ep (r_э.ч.) – radius of elementary particle body (radius of outer surface of an elementary particle);

ω_ep (ω_э.ч) – angular velocity of rotation of an elementary particle around its body axis.

b) α = 0

For neutrinos, of which angle α = 0, the drawing of the reflection (bouncing-off) of an ethereal neutrino from elementary particle body will be as shown in Figure 3.

(α = 0^о)

Figure 3

c) α = 90^о

For a cosmic neutrino, of which incident angle (α) is equal to 90^o, the drawing will be as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4

d) α = – 90^о

Figure 5

Thus, in the area of superlight movement of an ethereal neutrino, i.e. in coverage area of electrical charge, a part of a neutrino, reflected from elementary particle body, will move at a short distance and at a speed even lower than light speed.

However, it is obvious that this part of a neutrino, caught by other ethereal neutrinos, traveling at superlight speed, will have the same resultant speed (V^νcrez. > C)

Naturally, that is why electric charge density, i.e. density of ethereal neutrino particles, traveling at superlight speed, under the influence of a countercurrent ethereal neutrino, will be falling with moving away (distance) from elementary particle body and, as experiments show, on an exponent curve.

This means that electric charge is not an internal property of an elementary particle, but an external manifestation of its energy of the rotation around its body axis.

That is why it looks like a charged elementary particle has no outer surface, since a charged elementary particle constitutes a vortex of neutrino ether, created by the rotation of the body of this elementary particle, and substants of electric charge are ethereal (photonic cosmic) neutrinos traveling at superlight speed.

4. Generation of magnetic moment of an elementary particle 

Ethereal neutrino particles not only bounce off the body and vortex of an elementary particle at superlight speed (i.e. V_νе > С), but also twist around it (Fig. 6, pos. 1)

Figure 6

1 – travel path of a bounced-off neutrino; 

2 – area of superlight movement of a bounced-off neutrino;

3 – movement area of a neutrino bounced-off at superlight speed;

Thus, around an elementary particle, a torque impulse is generated by rotary moment of an ethereal neutrino, reflected from an elementary particle, that being magnetic field of an elementary particle and creating elementary particle spin*.

M_p^ep (Mp^э.ч) – magnetic moment of an elementary particle. 

A cosmic (ethereal) neutrino, bouncing off a rotating elementary particle, travels to a certain distance at superlight speed, and then, due to the resistance of free neutrino ether, its speed slows down to light speed, but it is still disturbed and has a rotary moment (spin) and magnetic moment (Fig. 7). 

______________________

*- For more details see the author’s book (1).

Figure 7

1 – coverage area of magnetic moment of an elementary particle;

2 – coverage area of electric charge of an elementary particle;

3 – travel path of a reflected ethereal neutrino;

4 – rotation direction of an elementary particle.

If rotation speed of an elementary particle around its body axis is insufficient, as for example of a neutron, there is no ethereal neutrino, bouncing off at superlight speed and therefore no electric charge as well, but its magnetic moment, i.e. twisting of an ethereal neutrino in a vortex around an elementary particle, is present.

1 – coverage area of magnetic moment of a neutron;

2 – rotation direction of a neutron;

3 – travel path of a neutrino bounced off neutron body.

Р^epм (Р^э.чм) = Р – value of magnetic moment of an elementary particle; 

1 – elementary particle body;

2 – coverage area of electric charge of an elementary particle (BC interval);

3 – coverage area of magnetic moment of an elementary particle (BD interval).

With moving away from rotating surface of an elementary particle, magnetic moment value increases. Its maximum value is at the edge of coverage area of electric charge. For electric charge of an elementary particle, it is vice versa: it equals to zero at outer edge of coverage area of electric charge, and maximum – at outer surface of elementary particle body.

Thus, electrical charge of an elementary particle is not something internal, a property characteristic to an elementary particle, but an outer vortex of neutrino ether, i.e. an external property in regard to elementary particle body.

At the same time, magnetic moment and spin of an elementary particle manifest themselves as something voluminous, compared to the size and body of a charged elementary particle, but seem to come from its center and look like its internal property. Actually, all of these are vortexes of an elementary particle, caused by the rotation around its body axis and all coming from rotation surface of an elementary particle.

If the speed of the rotation of an elementary particle around its body axis is small or absent at all, such an elementary particle has no vortex of superlight movement of an ethereal neutrino, which means that it will not have electric charge, spin and magnetic moment, and such a particle will be called a neutrino. Although experiments show that any particle, even the most neutral, such as relict radiation, responds to electromagnetic field, which means that a relict neutrino must also have some rotation energy and speed of the rotation around its body axis.

Since magnetic moment of an electron is 657 times higher than that of a proton (1, p. 39), this means that angular velocity of the rotation of an electron is many times higher than angular velocity of the rotation of a proton.

Since electric charge of a proton and an electron is similar, this means that linear speeds of the surface of rotating bodies of a proton and an electron are most likely nearly equal, i.e. of the same order, and a neutrino bounces off the surface of elementary particle body at similar speed, and since the radius of electron body is approximately 12 times smaller than that of a Proton, its angular velocity of the rotation is larger, as well as twisting of a bounced-off neutrino, i.e. the path of a bounced-off neutrino will be steeper, and therefore the moment of their rotation around electron body will be larger, as well as magnetic moment of an electron.

Consequently, a positron, having the same mass as an electron, is an electron moving backwards, i.e. while moving, it rotates in a direction opposite to that of an electron, and that means that its vortex is twisted in opposite direction, i.e. its magnetic moment has opposite direction: 

                  а) electron (e-) б) positron (e+)

We could say the same about all so-called antiparticles: an antineutron is a neutron, rotating in opposite direction in the course of its movement in a direction, i.e. it is a neutron, moving under the influence of external electromagnetic streams backwards, an antiproton is a proton, half-twisted in the course of its movement, and so on. First of all, that is confirmed with the fact that magnetic moments of antiparticles are similar in values but opposite in directions, like electric charges, if applicable.

a) electron

1 – rotation direction of an electron (counterclockwise) 

2 – effective direction of magnetic moment of a electron (Р_е)

3 – electric charge area (-q)

b) positron

1 – rotation direction of a positron (clockwise)

2 – effective direction of magnetic moment of a positron 

3 – electric charge area (q)

Therefore, you can conclude that in fact antiparticles do not exist and that they are the same particles, but just moving backwards.

In nature, they exist only in the Sun, in nuclear reactors or in elementary particle accelerators, i.e. where powerful external electromagnetic forces can twist an elementary particle and move it backwards.

Conclusions

Understanding of the nature and causes of the acquisition of electric charge and magnetic moment by elementary particles allows understanding of the essence of physical phenomena in many cases: 

– mechanism of the interaction of elementary particles (why do similarly charged elementary particles bounce off and oppositely charged particles are attracted to each other, and why even the last can be attracted only up to a certain distance?);

– causes of the firmness and sustainability of intranuclear and atomic forces and links, mechanism of the formation of molecules and substances by means of elementary particle vortexes of their components;

– mechanism of the creation of live cells from non-living elementary particles (3);

– and finally it will give the key to understanding of the generation of mass, gravity, heat transfer mechanism and lots of other processes and is the basis for the creation of a unified theory of physical fields (2, 67).

References:

1. Monograph, I.V. Rizov, “Rotation-and-neutrino theory of elementary particles, light, radio, electromagnetic and gravitational waves and fields”, Chisinau, 2002.
2. Monograph, I.V. Rizov, “Unified theory of physical fields of neutrino ether”, Chisinau, 2006.
3. Monograph, I.V. Rizov, “Theory of vortexes of neutrino ether (Creation of life from non-life)”, Chisinau, 2005.

Author’s contact details: Mobile phone: +373-78659435, E-mail: ivanrizov@rambler.ru